Oh that's really helpful! Summit is actually an LLC, but I don't know how they're taxed. So I definitely need that W-9 to determine whether they're taxed as a partnership or a corporation before I figure out the 1099 situation?

That's exactly right. The W-9 will indicate how they're taxed. If their LLC is taxed as a partnership or single-member LLC (disregarded entity), you'll need to issue the 1099-NEC. If they're taxed as an S-Corp or C-Corp, then you generally don't need to issue the 1099. This is why it's best practice to get W-9s from all vendors when you first start doing business with them, so you know from the beginning whether you'll need to track their payments for 1099 purposes. In your case, definitely request their W-9 now so you're prepared when tax time comes around.

I used TurboTax Self-Employed last year to handle 1099s for my business, including some referral fees similar to what you're describing. It does walk you through the process, but you need to have all your information organized beforehand. Make sure you have the W-9s collected and total payment amounts calculated per vendor before you start. The system will guide you through creating and filing the 1099-NECs, but it's not as intuitive as it could be for percentage-based payments that accumulated throughout the year. I ended up creating a separate spreadsheet to track all my commission payments to make sure the totals were accurate.

That's incredibly risky advice. The IRS has up to 6 years to audit returns with substantial underreporting and potentially unlimited time if they consider it fraudulent. Just because nothing happened yet doesn't mean you're in the clear.

You're right - I wasn't trying to suggest OP should ignore the issue. I was just sharing what happened in my specific case. The statute of limitations is definitely 3 years for most situations, but as you said, it can be longer for substantial underreporting. In my case, the amount was small enough that it wouldn't have triggered the substantial underreporting threshold (which is typically 25% of gross income).

Thank you so much for mentioning this! I hadn't even thought about the state implications. Would this apply even though I'm filing a 1040-NR for federal? Do non-residents generally need to file amended state returns too?

Does cash app let you import last years return if you used turbotax before? Or do you have to enter everything from scratch??

Is there any official calculator or tool from the IRS to figure this out? I've read Pub 970 but it's still confusing with all the exceptions and special cases.

Unfortunately there's no official IRS calculator specifically for determining your year of education. Publication 970 is the main source, but you're right that it can be confusing. The basic rule is that you need to count academic periods when you were enrolled at least half-time in a degree program. If you're really unsure, the IRS Interactive Tax Assistant (ITA) on their website can help determine if you're eligible for either credit, though it won't specifically tell you what "year" you're in. TurboTax and other tax software also usually have built-in tools to help figure this out based on your answers to their questions.

Wait what? I thought only tuition and fees on the 1098-T counted! You're saying I can claim the $400 I spent on required textbooks too??

Not all education expenses qualify though. I tried to claim my laptop last year and got audited. Make sure it's required by your program and you have documentation from professors.

Would those services be cost-effective for a small business with just occasional international sales? I'm concerned about spending more on compliance than the actual value of the sales.

For very occasional international sales, most of these services might not be cost-effective since they typically charge monthly subscription fees designed for businesses with regular international transactions. For your situation with just one small transaction, you might want to look at per-country filing services that charge one-time fees, or consult with an accountant who specializes in international tax to weigh the cost of compliance against the risk of non-compliance. Some businesses choose to hold off on formal registration until they reach a higher volume of sales in a particular country, but this approach does carry some compliance risk.

I used them last year for our company. Pretty decent service and they do handle everything in English. Their customer service is hit or miss though - sometimes took days to get a response. But they did get everything filed correctly and on time.