Thank you for bringing this up - that's really important info! My immigration status is actually something I'm working on separately. Do you know if there's any downside to being classified as a resident alien for tax purposes? Like does it create any complications for immigration applications later?

There's generally no downside to being classified as a resident alien for tax purposes when it comes to future immigration applications. In fact, having a consistent tax filing history is usually seen as a positive factor when applying for permanent residency or citizenship. What immigration officers typically look for is that you've been properly filing and paying taxes according to your correct status. If you're physically present enough to qualify as a tax resident, then filing as a resident alien is exactly what you should be doing. The important thing is consistency and honesty in your tax filings. The only potential complication would be if you were trying to maintain nonresident status in the US for some specific tax treaty benefit. But for someone in your situation who has been here continuously for 22-23 years, filing as a resident alien is appropriate and won't create immigration complications.

Not everyone can "just become a citizen" - there are tons of complicated situations where someone might have been brought here as a child but doesn't have a straightforward path to citizenship. DACA recipients, for example, or people who fell out of status because of paperwork issues beyond their control. Plus, citizenship applications are expensive AF and take forever. My friend just spent over $4,000 on the process including lawyer fees.

Thanks for bringing this up! I've been making quarterly payments but didn't know about the QBI deduction. With my income being around $40k, would I qualify for the full 20%? And does filing as head of household affect the QBI calculation at all?

At your income level of around $40k, you would qualify for the full 20% QBI deduction with no reductions or phase-outs. The QBI limitations don't kick in until much higher income levels (over $170k for single/HOH filers). Filing as head of household doesn't directly affect the QBI calculation, but it does affect your overall tax situation positively. The HOH status gives you better tax brackets and higher standard deduction, while the QBI is calculated based on your qualified business income from self-employment. They work separately but combine to reduce your total tax burden.

What kind of proof did they ask for? I'm worried about this exact situation.

Does it matter if the losses are short term or long term when you're offsetting gains? Like can I use long term losses to offset short term gains?

Great question! The IRS has specific rules about how losses and gains offset each other. First, short-term losses are used to offset short-term gains, and long-term losses are used to offset long-term gains. If you have excess in either category, then you can use them to offset the other type. For example, if you have $10k in short-term losses but only $5k in short-term gains, you'd first offset those short-term gains completely. Then you'd have $5k in short-term losses remaining, which could be used to offset long-term gains. If you still have excess losses after offsetting all gains, you can deduct up to $3,000 against other income, and carry forward any remaining losses to future years.

This doesn't answer OP's question at all. They're clearly asking about taxable accounts where capital gains matter. Not everyone can fit all their investments into tax advantaged accounts especially at higher income levels where contribution limits are an issue.

How do you decide what percentage of things like internet and cell phone to deduct when you use them for both personal and business purposes? I've heard conflicting advice about this.

The general rule is to deduct the percentage that you use for business purposes. For example, if you use your cell phone about 60% of the time for business calls/emails/etc., then you can deduct 60% of your cell phone bill. It's important to have some reasonable basis for determining these percentages. Some people keep logs for a sample period (like tracking business vs. personal internet usage for a few weeks) to establish their percentage. Others base it on time spent working vs. personal time. Whatever method you choose, just be consistent and make sure you can explain your reasoning if asked.

I've used TurboSelf-Employed for the past two years and it's definitely worth it for me. It walks you through all the self-employment forms step by step and automatically calculates your quarterly estimated payments. It also helps identify deductions I would have missed on my own. The expense categorization feature saves me tons of time - it learns which categories to assign to recurring expenses. And it keeps a running estimate of what I'll owe so there are no surprises at tax time.

Thanks for mentioning Section 179! I do have some shelving units and a computer system I use exclusively for the business. Would those qualify? And what's the max I can deduct this way?

Those shelving units and computer

Exactly this! I made this same mistake my first two years in business. The IRS doesn't care what you do with your profits - reinvest them, pay debt, whatever. They care about revenue minus deductible expenses. Paying down loan principal isn't a deductible expense.