That's super helpful! I just checked, and Article 22 does mention something about a "two-year period" for researchers. Could that be related to why I'm only getting the 1042-S in my second year? I'll definitely ask about this specifically.

Yes, that's exactly it! Article 22 of the US-India tax treaty allows for tax exemption on income received for teaching or research, but there are specific timing provisions. The exemption typically applies for a period not exceeding two years from the date of your first arrival. What likely happened is that your university initially treated all your income as taxable in the first year, but in your second year, they realized you qualified for the treaty benefit and are now properly splitting your income between fully taxable wages (W-2) and treaty-exempt income (1042-S). This is actually good news, as it likely means a portion of your income will be exempt from US taxation. But it does make your tax filing more complex since you'll need to properly report both the W-2 and 1042-S on your tax return.

I've used both Sprintax and GlacierTax for my international student returns. Glacier tends to be a bit cheaper and handles 1042-S forms well. Many universities even have partnerships with them to give students/scholars discounts.

Thanks for these specific questions! This is exactly the kind of practical advice I was looking for. Did you find that you needed to change your bookkeeping system when you switched to the construction-savvy CPA?

Yes, we definitely had to adjust our bookkeeping. The biggest change was implementing proper job costing - tracking materials, labor, and overhead by specific project rather than lumping everything together. This allows for much more accurate profit analysis and better tax planning. We also started tracking vehicle usage much more carefully and implemented a more sophisticated inventory management system that helps with year-end valuation. It was an adjustment at first, but the tax savings and better business insights made it completely worthwhile. My CPA actually recommended specific QuickBooks settings for construction businesses that made a huge difference.

Can confirm this is huge! My CPA switched me from cash to accrual for my construction business and it evened out my tax liability so much. No more getting killed in taxes after completing big jobs in December.

He did have a part-time job for those first few months making about $4,800. So it sounds like he'll definitely need to file his own return then? And yes, we're looking into the adoption tax credit - he does have the special needs determination from the state.

Yes, with that income he'll need to file his own return. Since you're claiming him as a dependent, he'll check the box on his return indicating "Someone can claim you as a dependent." This will limit some deductions/credits he can claim, but he'll still reconcile his own premium tax credit for the months he was covered under the ACA plan. For the adoption tax credit, that's excellent news about the special needs determination. With that classification, you should qualify for the full credit amount (over $15,000 for 2025) without having to document your actual expenses. This is a non-refundable credit but it can carry forward for up to 5 years if you can't use it all in one year.

Yes! This is super important. Once your family situation changes (like through adoption), you need to update your marketplace application right away. If you don't, and subsidies continue to be paid based on old information, you might have to repay them at tax time. For the original poster - if your son didn't update his marketplace coverage after being adopted, there might be an issue with subsidies paid after May. Those would potentially be subject to repayment since his household income calculation would include yours after the adoption.

Thanks for this info. We'll make sure to update our application ASAP. Didn't realize it could cause issues later if we don't keep it current.

Wait, can you explain more about the QBI deduction? I thought that didn't apply to rental properties unless you're classified as a real estate professional? I'm just doing this on the side while working a full-time job.

You're right that the full benefits come when you qualify as a real estate professional, but there's still potential QBI benefit for "side" landlords. Revenue Procedure 2019-38 created a safe harbor that allows certain rental real estate enterprises to be treated as businesses for the QBI deduction. To qualify, you need to keep separate books and records for the rental activity, perform 250+ hours of "rental services" annually (less than the 750 for full pro status), and maintain contemporaneous records of your time spent. Even if you don't meet the safe harbor, you might still qualify under the general rules if your rental activity rises to the level of a "trade or business" rather than just an investment.

The Self-Directed IRA for rentals works but has serious limitations. You can't do ANY work on the property yourself - not even changing a lightbulb. You must hire a property manager and third parties for everything. Also, you can't use any personal funds to pay property expenses - everything must come from the IRA itself. The bigger issue is that you lose all the normal tax benefits of direct ownership - no depreciation deductions, no mortgage interest deductions, etc. Plus, if you use debt financing (mortgage), you'll trigger UBIT (Unrelated Business Income Tax) on the portion of income attributable to the debt.

I hadn't thought of that! I'll call our bank today to check. That would be such a relief if it's just their standard procedure. Did your bank give you any trouble when you called about it?

No trouble at all when I called. The customer service rep explained it was standard procedure for deposits over a certain amount. They actually have an automated system that flags larger deposits for a brief review period. In my case, they said it was because the deposit was significantly larger than my usual direct deposits. The rep confirmed that the full amount would be available within 48 hours, and it was. Just be sure to speak with someone in their deposit operations department rather than a general customer service rep, as they'll have more specific information about how deposits are processed.

This! The processing fees for refund transfers are ridiculous. I got hit with this last year - H&R Block charged me $35 for the basic prep fee plus a $40 "refund transfer fee" for the privilege of having the fee taken from my refund. It's basically a very expensive short-term loan when you think about it.