Quick tip from someone who went through this: make sure you're calculating your SPT days correctly! As a J1 research scholar, your first 2 years in the US are exempt from counting toward the SPT (that's why you were non-resident in 2022-2023). Starting in your third year (2024), those days start counting. The formula is: all days present in current year (2024) + 1/3 of days present in first preceding year (2023) + 1/6 of days present in second preceding year (2022). When this total exceeds 183, you've met the SPT. But wait! Since you were exempt from counting days in 2022-2023 due to your J1 research scholar status, you're essentially starting fresh in 2024. So you'd need to be physically present in the US for 183 days in 2024 to meet the SPT, which would be around early July if you've been here continuously.

I'm also a J1 research scholar and went through this exact transition last year! Your understanding is absolutely correct. Once you meet the SPT (which sounds like it'll happen around July 2024 for you), you can elect to be treated as a resident for the entire year using the First-year election. This is almost always the better choice since you'll get the standard deduction on Form 1040 instead of filing 1040NR with no standard deduction. The fact that your employer started withholding FICA taxes from January confirms they're treating you as a resident for the full year. One thing to double-check: make sure you meet all the requirements for the First-year election. You need to be physically present in the US for at least 31 consecutive days during 2024 (which you clearly do) and present for at least 75% of the days between your first day of the 31-day period and the end of the year. For Minnesota, yes, you can file as a resident if you're filing federal as a resident. The state standard deduction will definitely help your tax situation. Don't let colleagues confuse you - J1 research scholars have different rules than J1 students, and your tax status legitimately changes after your second year. You're handling this correctly!

If you're just trying to avoid fees, another option is to pull the money rather than push it. Log into the destination bank account and set up the other account as an external account, then initiate the transfer from there. Many banks don't charge for this if you're pulling money in. When I was funding my down payment, I linked my accounts this way and moved about $45k without any fees at all. Just took about 3 business days to process.

I've been through this exact situation multiple times and learned some hard lessons. Here's what I wish I'd known: First, don't use friends as intermediaries - it WILL create tax headaches for them even if no actual taxes are owed. The 1099-K reporting threshold means they'll get paperwork they have to deal with. Instead, try these alternatives in order: 1. External account linking (pull from destination bank) - usually free 2. ACH transfer - slower but typically no fees 3. Cashier's check to yourself - small fee but no reporting issues 4. Just pay the wire fee if it's a large amount I made the friend mistake once with a $12k transfer and my buddy ended up having to file extra paperwork and keep documentation for years. The $25 wire fee would have been so much simpler. Also, keep detailed records of ANY large transfers between your accounts - source, destination, dates, amounts. Even though it's your money, large movements can trigger reviews, and having clean documentation makes everything easier if questions come up later. The key is thinking beyond just avoiding fees - you want to avoid creating unnecessary complications for yourself or others down the road.

As a tax professional, I want to emphasize something important that hasn't been fully addressed - the timing of when your boss can make the S-corp election for it to be effective this year. If he wants the S-corp status to apply to the entire 2025 tax year, he needs to file Form 2553 by March 15, 2025 (2 months and 15 days after the beginning of the tax year). If he files after that deadline, the election won't be effective until January 1, 2026. This is crucial because if he's already been taking "salary" payments in 2025 but the S-corp election isn't effective until 2026, ALL of those payments for 2025 will need to be treated as owner draws for tax purposes, regardless of how they were processed through payroll. Also, once he makes the S-corp election, he'll need to obtain an EIN if the PLLC doesn't already have one, set up proper payroll withholding, and start making quarterly payroll tax deposits. The "reasonable salary" requirement is real - the IRS has been cracking down on S-corp owners who try to minimize their salary to avoid payroll taxes. Given the complexity and potential penalties for getting this wrong, I'd strongly recommend having a qualified tax professional handle the transition, especially since he's already taken payments this year that need to be properly classified.

I've been following this discussion and want to add a practical perspective as someone who handles payroll for several small businesses. One thing that often gets overlooked is the quarterly payroll tax filing requirements once you make the S-corp election. As an S-corp, your boss will need to file Form 941 quarterly and make federal tax deposits (often monthly or semi-weekly depending on the payroll amount). This is in addition to state payroll tax requirements. Miss these deadlines and you're looking at penalties that can quickly eat into those self-employment tax savings everyone's talking about. Also, regarding the "reasonable salary" discussion - I've seen the IRS audit several S-corp owners in our area, and they seem to focus on businesses where the salary is less than 40-50% of the business profit. While there's no hard rule, that seems to be a red flag threshold. For a law practice with $150k profit, paying a $40-50k salary and taking the rest as distributions would probably be defensible, but paying $25k and taking $125k in distributions would likely attract unwanted attention. The paperwork burden is real - beyond just the tax return complexity, you're now dealing with W-2s, payroll tax returns, and proper documentation requirements. Make sure your boss factors in the time cost of all this additional compliance work when calculating whether the tax savings are worth it.

Had to do this last year after getting flagged for identity verification. Bring everything others mentioned but also consider bringing your W-2s or 1099s if you have them - they didn't ask for mine but the person next to me needed theirs. The staff was actually really helpful and walked me through what they needed. One tip: park at a nearby garage if you're in a city location because IRS building parking fills up fast, especially on Mondays and Fridays. Whole process took about 40 minutes and my refund showed up 6 business days later!

Just went through this process a couple weeks ago! In addition to what everyone mentioned, I'd recommend bringing a printed copy of your online account transcript if you have access to it - the IRS agent said it helped speed things up since they could see my filing history right there. Also, dress business casual if possible - I know it sounds silly but the security and staff seemed to take me more seriously vs the person before me in flip flops and a tank top. My appointment was at 10am and I was out by 10:35, refund hit my account exactly 8 days later. The whole thing was way less stressful than I built it up to be in my head!

22 Quick question - does anyone know if the threshold for 1099-K reporting is staying at $600 for 2025 filing, or is it going back up? I sell stuff on eBay occasionally and I'm trying to figure out if I need to worry about this for next year.

I've been dealing with a similar situation and wanted to share what I learned from my tax preparer. The reason most tax software pushes you toward Form 8949 instead of Schedule 1 line 24z is that line 24z is typically reserved for specific types of income adjustments that don't involve capital transactions. For personal items sold at a loss (like your furniture and electronics), the IRS considers these capital transactions, even though they're personal property. This means Form 8949 is technically the correct form, despite feeling overly complicated for what should be simple. One thing that helped me was realizing I could summarize similar items rather than listing every single transaction. For example, "Various household items sold on PayPal - 15 transactions" with total proceeds and estimated cost basis. As long as you can reasonably justify your basis estimates and keep any receipts or records you do have, this approach is acceptable and much more manageable than itemizing everything separately. The good news is that once you set it up correctly in the tax software, it automatically handles all the calculations and transfers the information to the right places on your return.