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One thing to consider that hasn't been mentioned - while there's no AMT implication when exercising underwater ISOs, there could be benefits to this strategy beyond just starting your holding period clock. If your company does a new 409A valuation in the future and the price goes up, exercising at today's lower strike price could save you money compared to waiting. You're essentially locking in your purchase price now, betting on future growth. Also, some companies have exercise windows when you leave - exercising gradually while employed can reduce the cash needed at separation. And depending on your company's stage, early exercise might have qualified small business stock (QSBS) implications that could potentially exclude large amounts of gain from taxes later.
Can you explain more about the QSBS angle? I've heard it mentioned before but don't fully understand how it works with ISOs or if there are timing considerations.
QSBS (Qualified Small Business Stock) is a potentially huge tax benefit that allows you to exclude up to 100% of capital gains when you sell qualifying stock (up to $10M or 10x your basis, whichever is greater). For it to qualify, you need to: 1) Acquire stock directly from a C-Corporation with less than $50M in gross assets when issued 2) Hold the stock for at least 5 years 3) The company must be in an active qualifying business (most tech companies qualify, but some industries like hospitality or finance are excluded) With ISOs, the timing matters because QSBS status is determined when you exercise, not when you're granted options. So exercising early while the company is still small enough could secure QSBS treatment, even if it grows beyond $50M in assets later. This is a major reason some people exercise underwater options - the potential long-term tax benefit can far outweigh the immediate cost.
A word of caution from someone who's been through this: just because you CAN exercise underwater options without AMT doesn't mean you SHOULD. I did this at my previous startup believing in their future - paid about $45k to exercise options below strike price. The company never recovered and eventually shut down. That money was completely lost. No tax deduction, no nothing. It's considered a capital loss when you sell or when the shares become worthless, but capital losses are limited to $3k per year against ordinary income (unlimited against capital gains). So while the AMT advice here is correct, make sure you're making this decision with eyes wide open about the company's actual prospects, not just hope. Exercise only what you can afford to lose entirely.
Ouch, that's brutal. Did you at least get to carry forward the losses to future years? I thought capital losses could be carried forward indefinitely.
Don't stress OP, I didn't file my first tax return until I was 24! The good news is that if you've had taxes withheld from your paychecks (which you probably have), you're most likely owed money back. That's what a tax refund is. The easiest way to start is to use a free tax filing service like FreeTaxUSA or Cash App Taxes (used to be Credit Karma Tax). You literally just input the info from your W-2 forms and answer some basic questions. Grab those forms from your drawer and get started! For past years, you'll need to file separately for each year you missed. The tax software will have options for filing prior year returns.
Wait so I should use different software for the current year vs previous years? I'm trying to understand the process of catching up.
You can use the same software for all years, but you'll need to file each year separately. Most tax software has options for filing prior years. You'll just need to make sure you're using the correct forms for each tax year. When you start the process, you'll usually see an option like "File 2024 taxes" or "File for a previous year." You would need to go through the whole process once for each year (2022, 2023, 2024). Just make sure you have the W-2 forms for each corresponding year since the numbers will be different.
The normal deadline is April 15th each year for the previous year's taxes (so April 15, 2025 for your 2024 taxes). But if you're owed a refund, you actually have 3 years to file before you lose the money. So right now in 2025, you could still file for 2022, 2023, and 2024. If you owe money instead of getting a refund, then filing late can result in penalties. But since you're just starting out and probably don't make a ton of money, it's very likely you'll get refunds.
You might also be dealing with a misclassification issue. Some small construction companies incorrectly treat employees as independent contractors. Did you get paystubs with tax withholdings or just straight cash payments? If they didn't withhold taxes, they might be trying to issue some weird hybrid form that doesn't make sense.
Make sure you file on time even if this isn't resolved! You can file Form 4852 as a substitute W-2 based on your best records of what you earned. If you have paystubs, bank deposits, or even a written record of hours worked Ć your hourly rate, use that to calculate your income. Then file an amended return later if needed when you get the correct W-2. Don't let their mistake cause you to miss the filing deadline!
My daughter is a tax accountant who specializes in special needs families, and she says the key difference for deducting caregiver travel expenses is whether you can prove medical necessity vs. convenience. If your child has been prescribed respite care by a doctor as part of their treatment plan AND the grandmother has special training or qualifications to provide care that goes beyond what an untrained person could provide, then you have a much stronger case for deducting those travel costs as a medical expense. Without that doctor's recommendation and without special qualifications, it would likely be classified as a personal expense even though it's genuinely helpful for your special needs child. It's ridiculous but that's how strict the IRS is about these deductions.
Thanks for this insight. Our pediatrician has actually written respite care into my daughter's care plan, but nothing specifically about who provides it. Would it help if we got the doctor to write a letter specifically mentioning that having a trusted family member like grandma is beneficial for our daughter's condition since she struggles with new people due to her autism?
Yes, that would definitely strengthen your case considerably. Having your pediatrician specifically document that a familiar caregiver like your daughter's grandmother is medically beneficial due to her autism-related difficulties with new people would create a direct medical necessity connection. The letter should explain why this specific arrangement (flying in grandmother) is medically necessary rather than just convenient or preferable. Make sure the letter mentions your daughter's diagnosis, why consistent caregivers are important for her condition specifically, and how this respite care benefits her medical condition beyond just giving you a break.
Has anyone used TurboTax to claim these kinds of specialized medical deductions? Their interface is so confusing when it comes to more complex situations like this, and I'm worried about missing something important.
Lucas Parker
Another possibility - could this be related to an ex-spouse or business partner? I had a similar situation where my ex-husband's accountant kept making estimated tax payments under my SSN for a business I was no longer part of after our divorce. Took years to untangle because nobody at the IRS could figure out where the payments were coming from. Make sure you check with any past business associates or family members who might have your SSN on file for some legitimate reason. Sometimes these mysteries have simple explanations.
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Logan Stewart
ā¢I honestly hadn't considered that angle! I was briefly part of a small partnership about 6 years ago that dissolved, but we remained on good terms. I never thought they might still be using my info for something, but I'll definitely reach out to my former partner to check. That said, I'd still expect the IRS to be able to tell me who's making these payments. It's bizarre that they claim they can't see the source when it's their own payment system.
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Lucas Parker
ā¢Glad I could suggest something helpful! The IRS systems are surprisingly disconnected from each other. The department that processes payments often doesn't have access to the details of who submitted them, especially for third-party payments. When you talk to your former partner, ask specifically if their accountant might be making these payments. In my case, the accountant had set up an automated system years earlier and nobody thought to update it after our business relationship ended. Definitely check on that possibility before going through all the hassle with the IRS.
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Donna Cline
dont cash those refund checks!!! my cousin did something similar and got hit with penalties later when they fixed the system error. the irs will eventually figure it out and want all that money back with interest. just keep all the letters they send you and maybe talk to a CPA not just the regular irs people on the phone. sometimes the irs computer systems dont talk to each other and the right hand doesn't know what the left is doing.
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Harper Collins
ā¢This is good advice. I work in tax preparation, and I've seen several cases where the IRS corrected errors years later and then demanded repayment with interest and penalties. Document everything and maybe consider putting those refund amounts into a separate savings account so you have the money available if they ever come asking for it.
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