Actually that's not entirely accurate. You can be claimed as a dependent until you're 19, or up to 24 if you're a full-time student, as long as you don't provide more than half of your own support. So depending on the OP's situation, they could potentially be claimed for several more years.

I think you might be right! Looking at my W-2s again, my total wages for the year were around $145,000. I didn't realize that the excess refund was based on exceeding the wage base, not just on the total amount withheld. I thought if the combined withholding exceeded the max, I'd get the difference back regardless of my total wages. So even though I had more than $9,932 withheld between both jobs, I'm not actually entitled to a refund because my total wages didn't exceed $160,200? That explains the IRS letter then.

Exactly! You've got it now. The excess Social Security tax refund only applies when your total Social Security wages exceed the annual wage base ($160,200 for 2023). The system is designed to ensure you don't pay more than 6.2% on income above that threshold. Since your total wages were around $145,000, which is under the wage base limit, the full 6.2% Social Security tax applies to all your earnings. Even though the combined withholding might seem high, it's technically correct based on your total wages. When you respond to the IRS, simply acknowledge that you misunderstood how the excess Social Security tax rule works, and they should close the case without any penalties since it was an honest mistake.

That's the catch with having multiple employers in the same year! Each employer has no way of knowing how much you've earned at other jobs, so they each withhold the standard 6.2% on your earnings up to the $160,200 limit as if they're your only employer. The system is designed this way because employers don't share payroll information with each other. If you work for two employers and earn $100,000 from each in the same year, both will withhold $6,200 in Social Security tax, for a total of $12,400. Since that exceeds the maximum you should pay ($9,932.40), you can claim the difference ($2,467.60) as a refund on your tax return. But this only applies if your TOTAL wages exceed the $160,200 threshold.

That's super helpful to know! My daughter has braces scheduled next year that will cost around $5,500. So if I understand correctly, my dad could pay the orthodontist directly, and that wouldn't count against the $18,000 he could still give her as a cash gift?

Exactly right! He can pay the $5,500 directly to the orthodontist for your daughter's braces, and that amount won't count toward the annual gift limit at all. He could still give her an $18,000 cash gift in the same year with no gift tax implications. This exception is specifically for qualified educational expenses (tuition only, not books or room and board) and medical expenses (including things like braces, surgeries, treatments, and even some insurance premiums). The key is that the payment must go directly to the educational institution or medical provider - not to you or your daughter first.

This is great advice! My dad did the same thing for my kids and wrote the checks directly to them. Our bank wouldn't deposit them without creating custodial accounts. We had to go back and have him rewrite the checks.

This is super helpful, thanks! So it sounds like I definitely shouldn't try to write off my flights to Italy or back, but the specific expenses while I'm there for business purposes would be okay. Do you recommend any specific apps for tracking the expenses while I'm traveling? I'm worried about keeping all those foreign receipts organized.

I use Expensify for tracking business expenses abroad - it has receipt scanning that works well with foreign receipts and lets you categorize everything immediately. The automatic exchange rate conversion is also super helpful so you don't have to manually calculate everything back to USD. Take photos of ALL receipts immediately because some foreign receipt paper fades quickly. Also, create a simple daily log in Notes or Google Docs where you record the business activities for each day - who you met with, what you discussed, and the business purpose. I also drop a pin on Google Maps for each business meeting location as additional documentation. This level of detail has kept me audit-free for 7 international trips with business components.

I hadn't even considered the trust angle! Do you know what specific features of your Malaysian policies triggered the 3520 requirements? Were they whole life policies with investment components or something else? This adds a whole new layer of complexity I need to look into.

My policies were whole life with investment components, but what triggered the 3520 requirements was the specific contractual structure. The policies were technically held in a separate account managed by trustees, even though I was the beneficiary. Some Asian insurance companies use trust structures for tax efficiency in their local markets, not realizing it creates a nightmare for US taxpayers. Look for any mention of "trust," "trustee," or separate legal entities in your policy documents. If your partner directly owns the policies in their name, you might be safe from 3520 requirements, but if there's any intermediary entity, that's a red flag.

Unfortunately, your Hong Kong advisor is likely applying HK tax rules, not US ones. The US-HK tax agreements don't provide the protection they're suggesting. For US tax purposes, foreign life insurance policies rarely qualify for the same tax-deferred treatment as US policies. The annual growth (inside buildup) of cash value in foreign policies is generally taxable phantom income for US taxpayers unless the policy meets strict requirements under IRC 7702. Almost no foreign policies meet these requirements since they're designed for their local markets. Your accountant is probably right about reporting the growth.