Thanks for this explanation - I had no idea there were different methods for withholding on bonuses. Do you know if I can specify which method I want them to use, or is that entirely up to my employer?

It's technically up to your employer which method they use, but many payroll departments will accommodate your preference if you ask nicely. The flat rate method is actually easier for them to administer anyway. If they won't change their method, your other option is to adjust your W-4 withholding around the time you know you'll receive a bonus. You could increase your allowances temporarily for that pay period to offset the overwithholding. Just remember to change it back afterward!

The blended or "effective" tax rate is just your total tax paid divided by your total income. So if you made $100,000 and paid $18,000 in federal income tax, your effective federal rate would be 18%. What confuses most people is that we have marginal tax brackets - different rates that apply to different portions of your income. Your first ~$12,950 is tax-free (standard deduction), then 10% on the next chunk, 12% on the next chunk, etc. Your highest marginal rate (the rate on your last dollar earned) might be 24%, but your overall effective rate will be much lower.

Yes, thankfully my parents are super organized with this stuff. They have every receipt, invoice, and payment confirmation from the treatment center. They even have records of the insurance claims that were denied (which is why they had to pay out of pocket). I guess the bigger question is still whether anyone can actually claim these expenses given that I'm not a dependent. Sounds like I need to look more into that "qualifying relative" test that others mentioned.

That's great that your parents kept everything. Those records will be essential if they end up being able to claim the expenses. Definitely look into the qualifying relative test. The main things they'll need to prove are: 1) that they provided more than half your support for the year, 2) that your gross income was below the threshold (around $4,500 for 2025), 3) that you lived with them all year (though there are exceptions for temporary absences including rehab), and 4) that you're related to them. If you meet all those tests, they might be able to claim both you as a dependent and the medical expenses.

This is super important! I learned this the hard way last year. Had about $8k in medical expenses but couldn't deduct a penny because my AGI was too high and the standard deduction was better anyway. Such a disappointment after saving all those receipts.

We did file our returns, just haven't been able to pay what we owe. But that's good advice for anyone reading who might be afraid to file! Does anyone know if we should adjust our W-4 withholding for this year to prevent owing more next year?

Yes, absolutely adjust your W-4 forms with both of your employers immediately! If you've been underwithholding for 2 years, you're likely still underwithholding now, which means you're digging a deeper hole. You can use the IRS Tax Withholding Estimator on their website to figure out exactly how to fill out your W-4. Also, when you get on a payment plan for your back taxes, make sure you don't miss any payments and that you stay current on this year's taxes. The IRS will cancel your payment arrangement if you fall behind on current taxes or miss payments on your plan.

DON'T DO IT!! Those companies charge thousands of dollars for services you can do yourself for free or at low cost. I paid $3,000 to one of those places and all they did was put me on an installment plan I could have set up myself online. Total ripoff!

Does anyone know if you can deduct mileage when you're carrying passengers (like other band members) to gigs? We usually carpool in my van since I'm the one with all the gear space, but I wasn't sure if having others with me affects the deduction.

Yes, you can absolutely deduct business mileage even when carpooling with band members! The key is that the primary purpose of the trip must be business-related, which going to a paid gig certainly is. Having passengers doesn't reduce or eliminate your deduction. In fact, if you're the designated driver for your band and regularly transport equipment and band members, make sure you're also tracking any parking fees and tolls, as these are deductible in addition to your mileage. Just keep good records of dates, locations, and the business purpose of each trip.

I've done this with my $9000 cello. My accountant recommended depreciation rather than Section 179 since I use it for both W-2 and 1099 work. We calculated that I use it about 65% for self-employed gigs and teaching, so I'm depreciating that portion over 7 years. Makes my tax situation more stable than taking one huge deduction in a single year.

That's an interesting approach I hadn't thought of. Wouldn't setting up a payment plan be seen as accepting that I owe the amount though? I'm concerned it might complicate things if we're simultaneously arguing that we don't actually owe this money.

Setting up the installment agreement doesn't mean you're agreeing the amount is correct. The IRS allows you to dispute the underlying tax while still having a payment arrangement in place. You can specifically request that your agreement be processed with "pending audit reconsideration" or "disputed liability" noted on your account. When the dispute is resolved, if it turns out you owe less or nothing, the IRS will refund any excess payments automatically. I made about four $25 payments before my situation was resolved, and I received those payments back with my refund. The peace of mind was worth the temporary $100 out of pocket.

This is correct. Having worked at the IRS for 12 years, I can tell you there's a specific sequence of notices, and CP504 is not the final step. You'll get at least one more notice with appeal rights before any levy action.