Thanks for mentioning this! I had no idea about tax treaties. Do you know if I would need to file any special forms to claim these treaty benefits? And would I still need to file the Schedule C even if there's a treaty?

You would need to file Form 8833 to claim treaty benefits, and yes, you would still need to file Schedule C to report your self-employment income. The treaty doesn't exempt you from filing requirements, it just might reduce what you owe. Tax treaties vary widely by country, so check the specific one between the US and Portugal. Some treaties have special provisions for teachers, students, and researchers, so you might qualify for reduced taxation on your teaching income. But you definitely need to document everything properly.

I second this. TurboTax walks you through everything step by step and they have really good support if you get stuck. It's not free but it's worth it for the peace of mind.

Would I need to have a case number or anything specific before contacting the Taxpayer Advocate? I've heard they only take cases that have been going on for a while or where there's financial hardship.

You don't necessarily need a case number, but you should have your notice of deficiency handy when you contact them. The Taxpayer Advocate Service does prioritize cases with financial hardship or where you've experienced significant delays with the IRS, which sounds like your situation. They're more likely to help if you can demonstrate that you've attempted to resolve the issue through normal channels (which you have by trying to call repeatedly). Just be prepared to explain the timeline of events and what steps you've already taken.

Robinhood changed their reporting over the years. For 2020, they only issued 1099-Bs for stock trades, not crypto. For crypto, you were supposed to self-report all transactions. Starting in 2023, they're required to report crypto, but back in 2020 it was a complete mess. That's probably why the IRS flagged your account - they got notification of activity but no reporting.

That's a great suggestion! Do you know if there are any specific PDF libraries or tools that work well for this kind of automation? Our current system outputs to our own custom forms but I'm willing to change the approach if it means using unmodified IRS forms.

I've had good results with both PDFfiller for smaller operations and DocuSign for larger businesses with more complex needs. For pure automation without manual intervention, several of my clients use Python with the PyPDF2 library to fill forms programmatically from their databases. If you're not comfortable with coding solutions, another option is Zapier which can connect your database to PDF filling tools through their integrations. Whatever route you choose, make sure to implement proper security measures since you're handling sensitive information like SSNs. The benefit of using the official fillable PDF is that you're guaranteed to be using the most current version of the form with all required language intact.

This is actually a really important point. My company had to deal with a data breach a few years ago and the exposure of contractor SSNs created a huge liability issue for us. Make sure whatever system you're using has proper encryption and access controls.

I had no idea about the business registration requirement! Is this something I can do online or do I need to go to a government office? Does it cost a lot?

Yes, most states let you register online through their Secretary of State or Department of Revenue website. Costs vary widely depending on location - some places charge as little as $25 while others might be $100+ for a basic registration. You'll also want to check your specific county/city requirements as some local jurisdictions have their own permits on top of state registration. I'd recommend starting with a Google search for "[your state] business registration sole proprietor" to find the official government site with the forms you need.

What app do you use? I've been trying to track my mileage for my mobile dog grooming business but I always forget to log it.

What exactly is a Spousal IRA? Is that different from a regular Traditional IRA? We do file jointly, so this sounds like it might be relevant for us. Also, she's not diplomatic staff - she works in their cultural affairs office, so I think she's considered regular administrative staff. Would that still qualify for any special tax treatment?

A Spousal IRA isn't actually a special type of account - it's just a regular Traditional or Roth IRA that a working spouse can contribute to on behalf of a non-working spouse. In your case, since your wife is working, it wouldn't apply directly. I misunderstood your situation initially. For administrative staff at foreign embassies, the tax treatment depends on the specific tax treaty with that country. Generally, administrative staff don't get the full tax exemptions that diplomatic staff receive, but there might still be special provisions. Some administrative staff are exempt from FICA taxes but still pay federal income tax. The pay stubs should indicate if taxes are being withheld.

That's actually terrible advice for retirement planning. Tax-advantaged accounts like IRAs are almost always better than taxable accounts for long-term retirement savings. The tax-free growth over decades makes a massive difference in the final balance.

I wasn't suggesting to completely ignore retirement accounts - just pointing out an alternative since they already have some retirement savings and might want flexibility. You're right that the tax-advantaged growth in IRAs is valuable, but taxable accounts have advantages too - no early withdrawal penalties, no RMDs, and potentially favorable capital gains rates. The ideal approach is usually a mix of both tax-advantaged and taxable accounts to give yourself options in retirement. Plus, with the contribution limits on IRAs being relatively low, many people need to use both types of accounts to save adequately for retirement anyway.